0.1 fbol ======== fbol - Bolometric Flux/Spectral Energy Distribution Modeling fbol Description ================ `fbol' is a spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling and angular diameter estimation tool (and part of the getCal suite); it is designed to estimate simple star apparent (angular) diameters by modeling their photometry with a Plank black-body SED parameterized by effective temperature and bolometric flux. The angular diameter (theta - units of radians) is simply related to effective temperature (T) and bolometric flux (Fbol) by: Fbol = 1/4 theta^2 sigma T^4 = 1/4 pi theta^2 integral[B_lambda(T) d lambda] with sigma being the Steffan-Boltzman constant. This relationship defines effective temperature, and is derived in the accompanying `fbolSED.tex' (see the `doc' directory in the getCal tarball). The basic `fbol' invocation looks like: fbol [options] photometry.file [phot.file2 ...] [more options] By default `fbol' reads input photometry/flux information from one or more photometry files (the format is discussed below), however photometry can also be read from stdin using a stdin switch: fbol --stdin [more options] < photometry.file `fbol' output is written to stdout: fbol ~/photometry.51_Peg # Read 89 data lines from file: /home/bode/photometry.51_Peg # ChiSqr F_bol (10^-8 Ang # Star Teff(K) /DOF DOF erg/cm2/s) Size (mas) Filters 1 HD_217014--G2.5IVa 5705 +/- 36 0.54 85 19.14 +/- 0.189 0.74 +/- 0.11 ......... Errors quoted in the model parameters are mapped to a fit chi squared per degree of freedom of 1. Errors quoted in the model parameters are FORMAL errors, and should NOT be taken as the actual errors (i.e. stars are only approximately black body radiators). `fbol' can also output plots of the input photometric/flux data and resulting SED model using the third-party graphing package gnuplot (available on most systems, see `http://www.gnuplot.info/'). Plots are available in screen display, PostScript, and png formats (see more information in the options section below). Command-line Options ==================== Usage: fbol [options] where valid options include: --blackwellCorrections --constrainTemp --eps --fixedErrors= --hardCopy --plots --png --reddening --verbose --copyright --debug --filename= --help --longHelp --version --stdin * `--blackwellCorrections': compute estimated corrections for non-black-body effects in stellar atmospheres. This correction is estimated on the basis of B-V color, and derived from the dataset of Blackwell and Lynas-Gray 1994 (more to come). * `--constrainTemp': constrains the model effective temperature in the fit to the data. Effective temperature is constrained to the input value contained in the photometry data (i.e. by input lines) like: > T HD_217014--G2.5IVa 5808 # Model Effective Temp <= Spectral Type G2.5IVa) No argument when used. * `--eps': Encapsulated PostScript SED model plots. No argument when used. * `--fixedErrors=': apply a uniform fractional error to all input photometry (rather than using the input error estimates associated with each of the individual measurements). If used this switch takes an _optional_ argument defining the fractional error to be used - the default value for this fractional error is 0.1 (i.e. 10%). * `--hardCopy'/`--hc'/`--ps': PostScript SED model plots. No argument when used. * `--plots'/`--screen': SED model plots using gnuplot and display them at the terminal. * `--png': Produce SED model plots in the PNG (portable network graphics) format. * `--reddening' (`--noReddening'): apply (or not) reddening correction to the input photometry based on input distance (parallax) and a simple wavelength-parametric reddening model from Allen (3rd ed, p 264). No argument when used. * `--verbose': verbose description of the output from the program. No argument when used. Generic options: * `--copyright': print out getCal copyright information and exit. * `--debug': Turns on debugging output, sent to stderr. When used multiple times, this option increases the verbosity of debug output. * `--help': print out short help message. Overrides all other arguments. * `--longHelp': print out a long help message. `--longHelp' overrides all other arguments except `--help'. * `--version': print out module version information and exit. * `--stdin': force reading of input items from stdin. No argument when used. * `--filename=': Read input from the specified file(s). Multiple instances of this option are allowed. Input Format ============ The photometry file format a is simple ASCII-based format: ### HD 19373 -- High proper-motion Star ### ICRS 2000: 03 09 04.0197 +49 36 47.799 ### Spectral Type G0V T HD_19373--G0V 5930 # Model Effective Temp <= Spectral Type G0V ### V=4.05 M HD_19373--G0V Johnson V 4.05 0.09 # Simbad V=4.05 ### B-V=0.59 C HD_19373--G0V B-V=0.59 ## Simbad B-V color index D HD_19373--G0V 10.534 0.074 ## Parallax 94.93 [.67] A [21]1997A&A...323L..49P M HD_19373--G0V Johnson V 4.04 0.05 # UBV Johnson V=4.04 1953ApJ...117..313J M HD_19373--G0V Johnson B 4.64 0.05 # UBV Johnson B=4.64 1953ApJ...117..313J M HD_19373--G0V Johnson U 4.74 0.05 # UBV Johnson U=4.74 1953ApJ...117..313J ## The format supports comments ## The format also support flux in Flambda or Fnu units Fl HD_19373--G0V 360 68 5.22e-07 2.3e-08 ## M HD_19373--G0V Johnson U 4.77 0.05 # UBV Johnson U=4.77 1966CoLPL...4...99J Fl HD_19373--G0V 555 89 8.83e-07 4e-08 ## M HD_19373--G0V Johnson V 4.07 0.05 # UBV Johnson V=4.07 1967AJ.....72.1334C Fl HD_19373--G0V 450 98 8.75e-07 3.9e-08 ## M HD_19373--G0V Johnson B 4.66 0.05 # UBV Johnson B=4.66 1967AJ.....72.1334C Fl HD_19373--G0V 360 68 5.07e-07 2.3e-08 ## M HD_19373--G0V Johnson U 4.8 0.05 # UBV Johnson U=4.8 1967AJ.....72.1334C Fl HD_19373--G0V 555 89 9e-07 4e-08 ## M HD_19373--G0V Johnson V 4.05 0.05 # UBV Johnson V=4.05 1952ApJ...116..251S Fl HD_19373--G0V 450 98 8.85e-07 4e-08 ## M HD_19373--G0V Johnson B 4.648 0.05 # UBV Johnson B=4.648 1952ApJ...116..251S ## Format supports different photometric systems (e.g. Johnson, Cousins, ## Stromgren, Geneva, and 2Mass) M HD_19373--G0V Stromgren u 5.959 0.08 # Stromgren ubvy u=5.959 1998A&AS..129..431H M HD_19373--G0V Stromgren v 5.004 0.08 # Stromgren ubvy v=5.004 1998A&AS..129..431H M HD_19373--G0V Stromgren b 4.427 0.08 # Stromgren ubvy b=4.427 1998A&AS..129..431H M HD_19373--G0V Stromgren y 4.05 0.08 # Stromgren ubvy y=4.05 1998A&AS..129..431H #M HD_19373--G0V Stromgren u 5.956 0.08 # Stromgren ubvy u=5.956 1966AJ.....71..709C #M HD_19373--G0V Stromgren v 5.003 0.08 # Stromgren ubvy v=5.003 1966AJ.....71..709C #T HD_19373--G0V 5528 # model Effective Temp <= Stromgren photometry M HD_19373--G0V Johnson J 3.06 0.05 # JP11 Johnson J=3.06 1968ApJ...152..465J M HD_19373--G0V Johnson K 2.69 0.05 # JP11 Johnson K=2.69 1968ApJ...152..465J M HD_19373--G0V Johnson L 2.66 0.05 # JP11 Johnson L=2.66 1968ApJ...152..465J M HD_19373--G0V Johnson H 2.73 0.05 # JP11 Johnson H=2.73 1968ApJ...152..465J # 2Mass Search HD_19373: K = 2.723 +/- 0.266 J = 3.143 +/- 0.246 H = 2.875 +/- 0.206 M HD_19373--G0V 2Mass Ks 2.723 0.266 # 2Mass Ks=2.723 +/- 0.266 M HD_19373--G0V 2Mass J 3.143 0.246 # 2Mass J=3.143 +/- 0.246 M HD_19373--G0V 2Mass H 2.875 0.206 # 2Mass H=2.875 +/- 0.206 Available formats in this scheme are: M starID System Band Magnitude Error <### Generic photometry format M StarID Lambda Bandpass Magnitude Error <### (magnitudes in Johnson system assumed) F StarID Lambda Bandpass Flux Error <### (Fluxes in Jy) Fn StarID Lambda Bandpass Flux Error <### (Fluxes in Jy) Fl StarID Lambda Bandpass Flux Error <### (Fluxes in erg s^-1 cm^-2 um^-1) C StarID B-V=color <### Star B-V color S StarID Filter Magnitude Error (Not yet implemented) Z Filter Lambda Bandpass Zeropoint (For specifying a new filter) D StarID Distance P StarID Parallax N Datafilename BlackbodyFilename (For specifying output filenames) General notes on this format: * wavelengths and bandpass are specified in nm * fluxes are specified either in Jy (`F', `Fn' - F_nu units) or erg s^-1 cm^-2 um^-1 (`Fl' - F_lambda units) * zeropoints for magnitudes should be in Flambda units (erg s^-1 cm^-2 um^-1) * distance is specified in pc * parallax is specified in mas For magnitude data in an unspecified system (Johnson assumed), the supported Johnson-system bands (wavelengths, pass-bands, and zeropoints) (in nm and erg s^-1 cm^-2 um^-1) are: Filter Lambda_0Delta_lambdaZero (F_lambda) Zero (F_nu) (nm) (nm) (erg s^-1 cm^-2 um^-1) (Jy) U 360 68 4.27e-5 1829 B 445 98 6.61e-5 4144 V 555 89 3.64e-5 3544 R 668 210 1.74e-5 2950 I 879 240 9.12e-6 2280 J 1215 260 3.18e-6 1630 H 1654 290 1.15e-6 1050 K 2179 410 4.14e-7 655 L 3500 700 6.59e-8 276 M 4769 450 2.11e-8 160 N 10472 5190 9.63e-10 35.2 Q 20130 7800 7.18e-11 9.70 getCal uses the companion (perl) program *Note fbolFormat:: to automatically create this photometry file format from Simbad (and other) database material. getCal now exposes this format to the user so they can see details of the bolometric flux calculations, and save (and modify) this data in future calculations. Note that starting in the v2.6 series, by default getCal produces all photometry records in the generic system/band specification. Further, fbol uses the companion script *Note convertPhotometry:: to render disparate photometry data into consistent flux (Flambda or Fnu) units. Theory ====== _Estimating Stellar Angular Diameters With SED Modeling_ As argued elsewhere, we are motivated to estimate star angular diameters. For instance, our own sun viewed from a typical solar neighborhood distance of 10 pc is less than 1 milliarcsecond (10^(-3) arcseconds, mas) in apparent diameter. Therefore, as an adjunct to both selecting and using calibration stars, it is a practical necessity to estimate stellar angular diameters from ancillary data. While several techniques exist for such estimates, the most broadly applicable and prevalent techniques are based on modeling the stellar photosphere as a blackbody, in which case the apparent diameter of the star reduces to a simple function the observed bolometric flux and the effective temperature (e.g.~see Blackwell94 and references therein). This section documents the algorithm `fbol' uses for angular diameter estimation. First consider a unit area Plank blackbody at temperature T. The _emittance_ (radiation emitted per unit surface - dimensions of energy per unit time) is: where the last two expressions capture the spectral energy distribution of the blackbody radiation. Radiation from the unit surface is isotropic, so the _specific intensity_ (radiation flux density per unit solid angle - dimensions of energy per unit time per unit solid angle) is a simple function of the projected area, so in a direction \bf \hat o this flux density is: where \bf \hat n is the unit normal to the surface, and $\theta$ is the angle between \bf \hat n and \bf \hat o. Thus at a location D \, \bf \hat o from the unit emitter, the radiation flux per unit cross-sectional area (dimensions of energy per unit time per unit area) is: Now consider the photosphere of a star as an isotropic sphere of radius R, the surface of which is taken to be a Plank blackbody radiator at uniform temperature T. For the observer at distance D the total radiation flux per unit cross-sectional area (the _bolometric flux_) can be computed as the integral of the contributions f_a \, dA over the hemisphere of the star visible to the observer: Choosing the observer direction \bf \hat o as the reference axis in a spherical polar coordinate system allows us to identify the star surface area element dA as R^2 \sin \theta \, d \theta \, d \phi, making the evaluation of the integral straightforward: with the identification of the star's angular diameter \Theta = 2 R / D, and introducing the stellar flux per unit wavelength F_\lambda. Solving Eq.~\ref(eq:Fbol) for \Theta yields the desired angular diameter estimator: \approx 8.17 mas \times 10^(-0.2 * (V + BC)) \left[T / 5800 K \right]^(-2) with V and BC as the star's (Johnson) visual magnitude and bolometric correction respectively. A couple of aspects of Eq.~eq:angDiameter are noteworthy. First, it is significant that no particular knowledge of the physical size of the star is necessary - the bolometric flux characterizes the solid angle of the star on the sky, and the blackbody temperature characterizes the emittance of the stellar surface. This emphasizes the intuitive notion that two stars of the same temperature but different physical radii R_1 and R_2 (e.g.~an M-dwarf and an M supergiant) will have the same apparent size and bolometric flux so long as R_1 / D_1 = R_2 / D_2. Secondly, in deriving Eq.eq:angDiameter it was sufficient that the photospheric emittance was taken as isotropic and characterizable by a ancillary parameter (temperature); no particular use is made of the blackbody SED model. The operational issue in applying Eq.angDiameter to potential calibrators is determining the bolometric flux and effective temperature for the star. The most prevalent methods for this estimation is by modeling the observed spectral energy distribution (SED) of the star. This is illustrated in Fig.~fig:SEDmodel1 which depicts the modeling of the SED for 51 Pegasi (HD~217014) with a Plank blackbody form (specifically Eq.eq:Flambda) with free parameters \Theta and T_eff. In both cases the flux data for the stars is derived from archival optical and infrared photometry. In the first example (Fig.~fig:SEDmodel1) the 51~Peg SED is well-modeled by Eq.eq:Flambda with T \approx 5600 K and \Theta \approx 0.74 mas (despite the putative planetary-mass companion to 51 Peg; the implied temperature and physical size (R \sim 1.3 R_\odot from this diameter estimate and Hipparcos parallax) are in good agreement with the putative evolutionary state of the star.